OBESITY OR OVERWEIGHT ? DIFFERENCES AND CAUSES

Obesity is a pathological condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, resulting from a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, behavioral and physiological factors. Although the causes of obesity are multiple, it is widely recognized that a long-term energy imbalance, resulting from an excess of caloric intake compared with energy expenditure, is the primary factor in the development of obesity.

• Lack of physical activity : physical activity is essential for caloric expenditure. In its absence, the body does not burn enough calories, leading to an accumulation of body fat. It is crucial to incorporate moderate physical activity, such as brisk walking, into your daily routine also to improve overall health.
• Unhealthy eating habits : weight gain is mainly due to an excessive caloric intake compared with energy expenditure. A diet rich in refined carbohydrates, low in fruits and vegetables and characterized by unbalanced meals contributes significantly to the onset of excess weight. Keeping a food journal can help better understand and manage one’s eating habits.
• Insufficient sleep : lack of sleep disrupts the hormones that regulate appetite, increasing levels of ghrelin (the hunger hormone) and decreasing levels of leptin (the satiety hormone). This imbalance leads to cravings for very high-calorie foods. Quality sleep, generally between seven and nine hours per night, is essential to maintain hormonal balance and prevent weight gain.
• Medications : certain medications can lead to weight gain by altering metabolism or increasing appetite. It is important to consult a doctor to manage these side effects, by adopting a balanced diet and regular physical activity.
• Pregnancy : weight gain during pregnancy is normal and necessary for the development of the fetus. However, after childbirth, losing weight can be difficult due to hormonal changes and the demands of caring for a newborn. Appropriate follow-up can be essential to help women manage post-partum weight.
• Pathologies : certain underlying diseases, such as Prader–Willi syndrome or Cushing’s syndrome, can lead to weight gain due to the interaction of genetic and hormonal factors. A complete medical evaluation is necessary to correctly diagnose and treat these conditions.