OBESITY OR OVERWEIGHT ? DIFFERENCES AND CAUSES

Obesity is a pathological condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation resulting from a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, behavioral, and physiological factors. Although obesity has multiple causes, it is widely recognized that a sustained energy imbalance—where caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure—is the primary factor in the development of obesity.

• Lack of physical activity : physical activity is essential for calorie expenditure. In its absence, the body does not burn enough calories, leading to fat accumulation. It is crucial to include moderate physical activity, such as brisk walking, in your daily routine to improve overall health.
• Unhealthy eating habits : weight gain is primarily due to excessive caloric intake relative to energy expenditure. A diet high in refined carbohydrates, low in fruits and vegetables, and characterized by unbalanced meals significantly contributes to weight gain. Keeping a food journal can help better understand and manage eating habits.
• Insufficient sleep : lack of sleep disrupts the hormones that regulate appetite, increasing levels of ghrelin (the hunger hormone) and decreasing levels of leptin (the satiety hormone). This imbalance leads to cravings for high-calorie foods. Quality sleep—typically between seven and nine hours per night—is essential to maintain hormonal balance and prevent weight gain.
• Medications : some medications can cause weight gain by altering metabolism or increasing appetite. It is important to consult a doctor to manage these side effects by adopting a balanced diet and regular physical activity.
• Pregnancy : weight gain during pregnancy is normal and necessary for fetal development. However, postpartum weight loss can be challenging due to hormonal changes and the demands of caring for a newborn. Appropriate follow-up may be essential to help women manage postpartum weight.
• Medical conditions : certain underlying diseases, such as Prader-Willi syndrome or Cushing’s syndrome, can cause weight gain due to the interaction of genetic and hormonal factors. A full medical evaluation is necessary to correctly diagnose and treat these conditions.